The History of Music free essay sample

The History of Western Music Music has been around since the dawn of time, ever since man first inhabited this planet we have learned to communicate in ways other then conventional speaking. Different Cultures all have there own specific way of communicating through music. Music Is basically broken Into two specific groups Eastern Music and Western Music. Eastern music is mainly derived from the orient and India. While, Western music first emerged from Europe. Western music has developed in many ways since the middle ages through its form, sound, and message. The Middle Ages In 500 A. D. Western civilization began to emerge from the period known as The Dark Ages, a time in which many Invading forces ruled Europe and brought an end to the Roman Empire. For the next hundred year, the newly emerging Christian Church would soon govern Europe, administering Justice, initiating the Crusades against the East, creating universities, and for the most part dictating the destiny of music, art and literature. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pope Gregory I Is believed to have collected the music known as Gregorian Chant, which was the approved music of the Church. Later, Notre Dame in Paris was accredited, with the creation of a new kind of music called organ.Which was created by much more melodic phrases then Gregorian Chant, organ was also the first type of music too utilize fourth and fifth Intervals, which would become one of the building blocks of modern musical theory. Music in the church had not changed much during this time as said by Charles Burner in A General History of Music Volume l, Music in the church, however, appears to have undergone no other change at this time than In being applied In some parts of the A type popular music began to erupt and was sung all over Europe by the troubadours and trousers of France.The troubadours and trousers played mainly lutes (a primitive guitar) and sung songs, which everyday people could appreciate and identify with. And It was during the middle Ages that western cultu re saw the arrival of the first great name In music, Gallinule De Macho. De Macho polyphonic style did not catch with many during the middle ages, but would later influence a flood of composers during the Renaissance. The Renaissance The Renaissance began in the year 1420 and ended in the year 1600. The Renaissance meaning rebirth was a time of great cultural awakening and a pinnacle time for the arts.Sacred music began for the first time to break free of the confines of the Church, and a number of composers trained in the Netherlands mastered polyphonic music. One of the early masters of this Flemish style was Joaquin des Perez. De Preps use of multiple melody lines gave way too the idea of orchestral music which has been a staple in the world of music for hundreds of years. These polyphonic traditions reached a zenith through the works of Giovanni dad Palestinian, who perfected this type of orchestral scoring. Secular music thrived during this period, and instrumental and dance music was performed at many social gatherings. 1 OFF ballad, the best known of which were composed by such masters as John Tolland, William Byrd, and Thomas Morley. The Baroque Age Named after the architectural style of the time, the Baroque period saw composers beginning to rebel against the styles that were prevalent during the Renaissance. Many monarchs employed composers at their courts, to compete with other countries. The greatest composer of the period, Johann Sebastian Bach, was an employed composer.Bach and other of the great composers of the time were able to break new musical ground, and in so doing succeeded in creating an entirely new style of music. During the early part of the seventeenth century the genre of opera was first created by a group of composers in Florence, Italy, the earliest of these operatic masterpieces were composed by Claudio Monteverdi. The instrumental concerto became a customary part of the Baroque era, and found its strongest advocate in the works of the Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi. Harpsichord music achieved new heights, due to the intricate works of such asDomenici Scarlatti. Dances became formalized into instrumental suites and were composed by many composers of the era. Yet, vocal and choral music still reigned supreme during this age, and culminated in the operas of German-born composer George Frederic Handel. Who according too Alfred Einstein in A Short History of Music was the set up man for musical genius Ludwig Van Beethoven, Handels achievement is the preparation for what Beethoven afterwards did with the symphony; and it is on this eminence that these two masters, so utterly unlike, meet conquerors. (69) The Classical PeriodFrom 1750 to 1820,musicians moved away from the heavily ornamented styles of the Baroque age instead embraced a clean, and uncluttered style they reminiscent of Classical Gr eece. The new aristocracies were replacing monarchs and the church as patrons of music, and were demanding an impersonal, but tuneful and elegant music. Dances such as the minuet and the gavotte were fashioned in the forms of entertaining serenades and divertimento. At this time the Austrian capital of Vienna became the musical center of Europe, and works of the period are often referred to as being in the Viennese style.Composers from all over Europe came to train in and around Vienna, and gradually they developed and formalized the standard musical forms that are prevalent today. European musical culture for the next several decades would spawn from this small area of Austria. Johann Stamina contributed greatly to the growth of the orchestra and developed the idea of the symphony. The Classical period reached its pinnacle with the masterful symphonies, sonatas, and string quartets by three great composers of the Viennese school: Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven.Franz Joseph Haydn was accredited with perfecting the sonata in Charles Burners A General History of Music II in which he states, While the first movement of the sonata developed its perfected form in Hayden hands During the same period, the first voice of the Romantic Era rhea Romantic Era Composers of the Romantic Era broke new musical ground by adding a emotional depth to the prevailing classical forms. Throughout the nineteenth-century artists of all kinds became intent in expressing their emotions. The romantic artists were the first in history to give a name to their respective generation.The earliest Romantic composers were all born within a short time span in the early years of the nineteenth century. These include the great German masters Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, FRRdrich Chopin, Hector Burlier, and the greatest pianist showman in history, the Hungarian composer Franz List. During the early nineteenth century, opera composers such as Carl Maria von Weber turned to German folk stories for the stories of their operas, later in the century; German opera was virtually monopolized by Richard Wagner.During the nineteenth century, composers from non-Germanic entries began looking for ways in which they might express the musical sound of their respective homelands. Many of these composers turned to local history and legends as plots for their operas, and popular folk melod ies and dance rhythms of their homelands as inspiration for their symphonies and instrumental music. The evolution of existing instruments, plus the invention of new ones, led to the expansion of the symphony orchestra.Taking advantage of these new sounds and new instrumental combinations, the late Romantic composers of the nineteenth- century created rich and large symphonies, ballets, and concertos. Two of these late romantic composers were Johannes Brahms and Peter Illicit Tchaikovsky. rhea Twentieth-Century At the start of the twentieth-century many artists were searching for exciting and different modes of expression. Composers such as Arnold Schoenberg explored unusual and unorthodox harmonies and tonal schemes.As said by Mark Preponderates in The Ambient Century, At first there may seem to be no connection between Schoenberg and Ambient and electronic music. Schoenberg was responsible for taking German Romanticism and reeking it in two. By abandoning eye signatures and eventually caused a revolution which echoed down through the twentieth century (00). Hungarian composer Bla Bart ¶k continued in the traditions of the romantic era and fused the music of Hungarian peasants with twentieth century forms. Avian-garden composers such as Edgar Averse explored the manipulation of rhythms rather than the usual melodic/harmonic schemes.The symphony, became somewhat modified by this time, and attracted such great composers as Gustavo Mailer and Dimmit Stochastic, while Igor Stravinsky gave his full attention to Avian-garden and instrumental colors throughout his career. Many imposers throughout the twentieth-century experimented in new ways with traditional instruments, however many of the twentieth-centurys greatest composers, such as Giaconda Puccini and pianist/composer Sergei Rachmaninoff, remained true to the traditional forms of music history. The twentieth Century also produced many new genres of popular music such a s, country, blues, Jazz, and rock and roll.

Free Essays on Downsizing

SECTION 1: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS We will take AT &T as an example. â€Å" In 1992, AT &T downsized to remain competitive in the global market. They released 18,000 human operators and replaced them with automated machines.†2 The performance problem by human resource management is simply poor planning. Management did not realize the potential problems that lay ahead for the company as a whole. If downsizing is not effectively planned, managed or implemented it can cause a number of consequences. The consequences up for discussion are: 1. Downsizing causes resentment and resistance in surviving employees 2. Downsizing if not handled carefully will cause financial set backs HR management must handle employees, both survivors and former, with kid gloves. Downsizing means more than passing out pink slips. Steps must be taken to ensure that the remaining staff feels comfortable so that performance levels do not drop. It is also important to keep the loyalty of former employees simply because they now have become potential customers. Remaining employees may show signs of inadequacy. They are faced with new responsibilities and positions. They may feel as though they are next to be fired if they do not perform well. Some employees may feel that being fired is inevitable so why even try. Some employees, however, may take this opportunity to step up and show their real skills. AT&T may face lost revenues or increased costs due to its downsizing. The performance problem that affects this is whether or not the survivors can handle their new responsibilities. The survivors left behind after downsizing might not be able to carry the workload left behind. Where there were three people doing a particular job, it is now left to one person to accomplish. It is possible then for the workload to fall behind, therefore costing the company more money. Training one person to do the job of three will take time out of the... Free Essays on Downsizing Free Essays on Downsizing SECTION 1: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS We will take AT &T as an example. â€Å" In 1992, AT &T downsized to remain competitive in the global market. They released 18,000 human operators and replaced them with automated machines.†2 The performance problem by human resource management is simply poor planning. Management did not realize the potential problems that lay ahead for the company as a whole. If downsizing is not effectively planned, managed or implemented it can cause a number of consequences. The consequences up for discussion are: 1. Downsizing causes resentment and resistance in surviving employees 2. Downsizing if not handled carefully will cause financial set backs HR management must handle employees, both survivors and former, with kid gloves. Downsizing means more than passing out pink slips. Steps must be taken to ensure that the remaining staff feels comfortable so that performance levels do not drop. It is also important to keep the loyalty of former employees simply because they now have become potential customers. Remaining employees may show signs of inadequacy. They are faced with new responsibilities and positions. They may feel as though they are next to be fired if they do not perform well. Some employees may feel that being fired is inevitable so why even try. Some employees, however, may take this opportunity to step up and show their real skills. AT&T may face lost revenues or increased costs due to its downsizing. The performance problem that affects this is whether or not the survivors can handle their new responsibilities. The survivors left behind after downsizing might not be able to carry the workload left behind. Where there were three people doing a particular job, it is now left to one person to accomplish. It is possible then for the workload to fall behind, therefore costing the company more money. Training one person to do the job of three will take time out of the...

Costs and Benefits of Involving Employees in Decision Making Essay

Costs and Benefits of Involving Employees in Decision Making - Essay Example This presents a wide range of both challenges and benefits, and involves a new way of thinking for many organisations. The level that employees are involved in decision making differs substantially between different organisations. In some cases, the aim is to give employees a voice, but no significant role in the process of decision making, while in other situations, employees have a substantial influence in the way that the organisation is managed and the decisions that are made . Within the European Union, the most common type of employee voice program that is being used is that of indirect voice. This involves the use of collective representation of employees such as through unions or similar structures . However, the involvement of unions continues to decrease worldwide, and employers are turning to other means to understand the desires of their employees. Although involving employees in decision making in a business gives many benefits, such as increased loyalty and efficiency, there are also associated costs. As a term, employee voice can be defined as the way in which employees can express their opinions in regards to decision-making, constructive ideas and work activities that result in change within the company that they are a part of . A more broad definition considers not only employee input in the area of decision making, but employees ‘speaking up’ in any circumstances . For the discussion that follows, the first definition given will be used. It is based on the idea of employees being able to have a ‘say’ in the operation of the company, to feel involved and to feel like their opinions are relevant to the company . In many ways, employee voice can be considered as allowing for a type of democracy to occur within the work place . Two key elements of this are employee involvement and participation. These two terms are treated as the same in many research papers on the topic; however, they have significantly different meanin gs. For employees to be involved in business decisions means that they are kept informed of what decisions are being made, the reasons for these decisions and they suggestions may be listened to. However, the employees generally have little power, and for the most part their decisions are ignored. In contrast, participation means that the employee has an active role in the business decisions, such as having an employee representative on the board or having employees being involved in focus group when major decisions are being made. In these circumstances, the employees have more power, and their opinions can result in actual change in the company. Traditionally unions have been considered a means of voicing the interests of the workers to their employers, particularly in terms of pay, rights and in the case of workplace disputes. Unions are prevalent across industries and countries and their influence can be disruptive to companies such as through strikes and other forms of collecti ve action. Within Ireland, a study found that approximately half of all employers recognised a union within their workplace, and around 38% of employees were involved in a union. This differed significantly across sectors. In the private sector, less than one third of all employees were members of a union and only 44% of businesses recognised a union. In contrast, within the public sector, 91% of businesses had a union and more

Cat Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in Research Paper

Cat Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in Daschunds - Research Paper Example An increased dependency on formulated cat foods produces the potential for deficiency, but the same formulations allow for the correction of this lack. Total Nutrient programs from the pet food industry are the response to this valid concern. Vision loss, as well as cardiomyopathy, can result from such dietary deficiencies. (Hayes et al. 1982), (Hills Pet Nutrition, 2011) This report outlines the pathology of feline dilated cardiomyopathy and related heart conditions, as well as contributing factors. The prognosis and treatment modalities are discussed; as well as means by which this condition can be prevented. Cats do not possess the ability to synthesize the amino acid Taurine; which is necessary for muscle growth; and proper retinal development in kittens. This is presumed to be a central factor in the evolutionary development of felines. Modern processed cat food contains nutritional supplements to alleviate this problem. Feline DCMs now relatively rare. In the past, feline dilated cardiomyopathy could be blamed on the dietary deficiency in the amino acid taurine. (Petplace Veterinarians, 2011), (Pion, et al. 1987) Taurine is an essential component of the feline diet, whereas dogs do not require it. (Pion et al. 2007) The breeds typically affected are Abyssinian, Burmese, Siamese, and mixed/mongrel housecats. The Catfood industry responds to this risk by taking steps to ensure taurine dietary supplements are included as basic nutrition in most cat foods. The feline food industry has risen to the challenge of addressing the need for nutritional supplements in a form highly palatable to the animals. At the same time, the more sedentary lifestyles that felines and canines now share with their human owners still creates its own battery of assorted health risks to all three species. (Obesity is a noteworthy factor.) In terms of diagnosis, a complete medical history should be provided to the veterinary  professional. Initially, a thorough physical examination is performed.

Technology in Reading Comprehension Essay Example for Free

Technology in Reading Comprehension Essay Rationale Over the decades ago, Seymour Papert (1980) wrote Mindstorms and advocated a revolutionary philosophy in which technology was as seen as a fulfilling two major roles in education: (a) a heuristic role in which the presence of the computer was seen as a catalyst of emerging ideas and (b) an instrumental role in which the presence of the computer would carry ideas into a world larger than the research centres where they were incubated. When the Children’s Machine was published, Papert (1993) looked back over the decade since Mindstorms and asked question, â€Å"Why through a period when so much human activity has been revolutionized, have we not seen comparable change in the way we help children learn?† Technology’s exponentially increasing power, decreasing costs, portability and connectivity have gone beyond what it have been started. Yet, inside classrooms across the country, there is such a problem on how technology is being used for the enhancement of reading comprehension. It is not the unavailability particularly of computers but how they are being used in the classroom discussion. In teaching reading, technology is one of the available effective approaches. However, the use of technologies to enhance reading instruction is still its infancy. This reflects that the technological capabilities that are known to have potential in helping children to read, such as computer, have only become sufficiently affordable and available in widespread use. Even though it can support students, effective instruction needs to be interactive. This is Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Related Literature This chapter looked into the literature and studies about the effects of technology in enhancing reading comprehension. Only few that related to the present study are presented in this section. There are researchers’ standout positive effects of technology in education most especially in the improvements of reading comprehension. Some of them are Boster et.al. (2004), Tracey and Young (2006). Technology is the science of industrial arts. It is the making, usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts and systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or serve some purposes. (www.wikipedia.com) In addition, technology refers to any valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived basic research using the scientific method. (Dale, 1969) Technology in education is nudging literacy instruction beyond its oral and print-based tradition to embrace online and electronic text as well as multimedia. Computers are creating new opportunities for writing and collaborating. The internet is constructing global bridges for student to communicate, underscoring the need for rock-solid reading and writing skills. By changing the way that information is absorbed, processed and used, technology is influencing the people how to read, write, listen and communicate. (www.wikipedia.com) Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter contains the methods and procedure used in the study. These are: the research design; subject of the study; research locale; data gathering procedure; data gathering instrument; and the statistical treatment. Research Design The research method used in this study was the two- group posttest- only randomized experiment. In design notation, it has two lines – one for each group – with an R at the beginning of each line to indicate that the groups were randomly assigned. One group gets the treatment or program (the X) and the other group is the comparison group and doesn’t get the program. Subjects of the Study Two groups were involved in this study. These two groups were all fourth year students of BCNHS (Bislig City National High School) namely; Roca- IV and Depay-IV both have 25 students. The research conducted during their English class session from Monday- Friday at 8:00 – 9:00 in the morning, respectively during the Second Quarter period of the school year 2011-2012. Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter presents and discusses the results of the study. The Part I includes the scores and interpretations of scores from the control and experimental groups; Part II is the discussion of the difference of the scores between control and experimental groups; and Part III is on the correlation test of hypothesis. Table 1 Rating Scale of the Fourth Year High School Students Scores Scores 1-101-15InterpretationDescription 9-1013-15Highly FavorableThe scores of the respondents show very high result through the use of high technology 7-810-12FavorableThe scores of the respondents show high result through the use of high technology 5-67-9Moderately FavorableThe scores of the respondents show satisfactory result through the use of high technology 3-44-6Less FavorableThe scores of the respondents show less satisfactory result through the use of high technology 0-20-3Not FavorableThe score of the respondents do not show satisfactory result through the use of high technology Table 2 shows the interpretations of the scores of the students by test depending on the level of comprehension. This was used to determine the results of which technology must be used in enhancing reading comprehension. CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENTATIONS This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Summary The principal purpose of this study was to determine the effects of technology in enhancing reading comprehension of the fourth year students of Bislig City National High School.   The study utilized two sections of the fourth year students’ population. On section was chosen as the experimental group and the other one was the control group. Both groups were given a posttest with the same reading text and types of test: Test I- Question and Answer (10 items); Test II- Vocabulary Test (10 items); Test III- Depth of Meaning (15 items) and Test IV- Logical Inference (15 items). The researchers introduced to the experimental group the high technology using Microsoft Power Point through Power Point Presentation with pictures. The control group used the traditional way through pen and paper test. The research specifically answered the following questions: 1.What are the effects of using technology in reading comprehension? 1.1. What changes will occur on the reading comprehension of the students when exposed with technology?

Affirmative Action Essay -- Discrimination Race Racism Essays

Affirmative Action Affirmative action is a blanket term that refers to â€Å"the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, sex or national origin,† (Sykes). Before the Civil Rights Acts of 1965 and the 1954 Scott v. Topeka decision, there were â€Å"unwritten laws and protection for white men† against competition from women and ethnic minorities in prestigious professions, creating blatant inequality (Alsbrook). Affirmative action policies designed in part to counteract such â€Å"unwritten laws† were first employed in 1965 to provide equal opportunity among federal contractors; now however, they are used widely in many industries, both public and private (Kahn). In the 1970’s, the scope of the initiatives expanded to the arena of college and university admissions as well. Debate over affirmative action has revolved around myriad issues ranging from diversity to the relevance of past injustices to so-called â€Å"reverse discrimination.† The paramount key issue that is constantly asked regarding affirmative action is, â€Å"Does affirmative action achieve its goal of equality?† Having considered the arguments from many perspectives, we recommend a general position that supports affirmative action policies. However, this support is not unmitigated—certain constraints and amendments are required. Those who oppose affirmative action often claim that it simply does not succeed in helping the occupational and educational status of minorities. Some support for this claim apropos policies in the workplace can be culled from the fact that women only earn approximately seventy-seven cents for every dollar men earn, the figure dropping to sixty-six cents for non-white women (... ...pdf> {popular news, print via Internet; apparently credible} Wilcher, J. Shirley. â€Å"The History of Affirmative Action Policies† Americans for Fair Chance Washington D.C (2003): In Motion Magazine. 26 April. 2004 http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/aahist.html {distinguished news; print via internet; reputable} Yates, Steven. â€Å"Affirmative Action: The New Road to Serfdom.† The Freeman. (1990) Vol. 40, No. 12. Foundation for Economic Education Inc. 6 April 2004 http://www.libertyhaven.com/politicsandcurrentevents/affirmativeaction/roadserfdom.shtml {unrestricted; print modified; plausible} Zauberman, Renee and Rene Levy. â€Å"Police, Minorities, and the French Republican Ideal*.† Criminology 41.4 (2003): 1065-1100. Research Library. ProQuest. NYU Bobst Library, NY, NY. 21 April. 2004 http://www.proquest.com/ {scholarly primary; print via Internet; authoritative}

A Salty High Essay

I gazed there, looking among the horizon, a dawn sky brightened with the rising sun; waiting for the most unique peeler to form my way. Sitting on my 6’2 fiberglass surfboard, i was in awe at the beautiful lively nature that surrounded me. The ocean breeze sprayed against my face and the salty moisture in the air plastered to my dry lips. I noticed the seagulls in the distance, were soaring around a gigantic school of flounder, among the shallow waters of the sandbar. The tide was  demanding and it pulled me along south as I watched my towel on the beach, diminish. Surfing- it’s more than a weekend activity with the kids, or a successful football game; it’s a way of life, a lifestyle. Being encompassed by the most natural environment, can be so unwinding. Successfully maneuvering a wave takes concentration, superior balance, and no fear to a new rank. The natural high of surfing is as good a feeling as making an ‘A’ on an exam [if not better]. The white water was breaking behind me and I was forced to move beyond it. I paddled as hard as I could, but progressed nowhere. â€Å"Why,† I pondered to myself, â€Å"Why am I so weak?† I slowly pushed to the furthest sandbar, where the waves were less trifling. Surfers: the tan, salt induced bodies of them all were in harmony with nature’s sea of sodium. The hard-core wave riders were off in the distance waiting for the sets, as I rode ‘over the falls’ at the shallow cold sandbar. Becoming one with nature is the most rewarding feeling someone can experience. People have become so caught up in their daily routines, they don’t allow themselves the good points in life. In the cool waters of the ocean are the people enjoying the high, the ‘Salty High.’